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P. Lackner, A. Brandt, U. Diebold, M. Schmid:
"Few-monolayer yttria-doped zirconia films: Segregation and phase stabilization";
Journal of Chemical Physics, 152 (2020), 0647091 - 0647097.

For most applications, zirconia (ZrO2) is doped with yttria. Doping leads to the stabilization of the tetragonal or cubic phase and increased
oxygen ion conductivity. Most previous surface studies of yttria-doped zirconia were plagued by impurities, however. We have studied doping
of pure, 5-monolayer ZrO2 films on Rh(111) by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and lowenergy
electron diffraction (LEED). STM and LEED show that the tetragonal phase is stabilized by unexpectedly low dopant concentrations,
0.5 mol% Y2O3, even when the films are essentially fully oxidized (as evidenced by XPS core level shifts). XPS also shows Y segregation to the
surface with an estimated segregation enthalpy of −23 ± 4 kJ/mol.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5140266