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W. Weichselberger, J. Fuhl:
"Diversity versus Beamforming";
in: "Adaptive Antenna Arrays", S. Chandran (ed.); Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2004, ISBN: 3-540-20199-8, 453 - 465.

Applying an antenna arry at a link end of a mobile communications system enables the realization of two types of gain: diversity gain on one hand, array gain (also called beamforming gain) on the other. These two types of gains are fundamentally different in nature. What is the relation between them, amplifying or contradicting? Is there an optimum trade-off between them? How can they be exploited by signal processing? Does every spatial radio channel offer these gains? Is there a difference between transmitting and receiving with an antenna array? These and some more questions will be answered in this chapter.
This chapter is organized as follows: We will first present a method for modeling the spatial properties of a radio channel by statistical means. This leads to a more detailed discussion of the key spatial properties: spatial diversity and directivity. We will explain array gain, diversity gain and related signal processing aspects in different context, i.e. the transmitter and at the receiver with different states of channel knowlegde. Finally, we will touch the problem of interference.

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