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C. Rill, S. Ivanovici, G. Kickelbick:
"Hybrid Nanoparticles Prepared by In-situ and Post-synthetic Surface Modification of Lanthanide-Based Nanoparticles with Phosphonic Acid Derivatives";
in: "Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Symposium S, Vol. 1007", Materials Research Society, 2007, ISSN: 0272-9172.

The use of various phosphonic acid derivatives - some of which contain polymerizable groups - as surface modifying agents for nanoparticles was studied both in-situ during the synthesis of lanthanide-based (Ln = Nd, Eu, Yb) nanoparticles at room temperature as well as in a separate step after the particle preparation by a hydrothermal method. In the single-pot in-situ method the phosphonic acid esters served as growth-limiting agent during particle formation leading to small nanoparticles with a size of only a few nanometers as determined by dynamic light scattering as well as transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. Free phosphonic acids as well as their silyl esters were used to modify the hydrothermally prepared neodymium hydroxide nanorods which had diameters of approx. 20 nm and a length ranging up to a few micrometers. The surface modification was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.