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G. Ramberger (ed.):
"Structural Bearings and Expansion Joints for Bridges";
International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Zürich, 2002, ISBN: 3-85748-105-6; 89 pages.

Bridge superstructures have to be designed to permit thermal and live load strains to occur without unintended restraints. Bridge bearings have to transfer forces from the superstructure to the substructure, allowing all movements in directions defined by the designer. The two functions - transfer the loads and allow movements only in the required directions for a long service time with little maintenance - are not so easy to fulfil. Different bearings for different purposes and requirements have been developed so, that the bridge designer can choose the most suitable bearing.
By the movement of a bridge, gaps are necessary between superstructure and substructure. Expansion joints fill the gaps, allowing traffic loads to be carried and allowing all expected displacements with low resistance. Expansion joints should provide a smooth transition, avoid noise emission as far as possible and withstand all mechanical actions and chemical attacks (de-icing) for a long time. A simple exchange of all wearing parts and of the entire expansion joints should be possible.