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C. Kropik, G. Meschke, H.A. Mang, Ch. Hellmich:
"Numerical Simulations of the Excavation of a Shallow Tunnel Driven by the NATM";
in: "Proceedings of the 3rd Asian-Pacific Conference on Computational Mechanics", C.-K. Choi, C.-B. Yun, D.-G. Lee (ed.); Techno-Press, Yusong, Korea, 1996, 2579 - 2597.

First of all, some remarks on the NATM are made, focussing on the concept of the Fenner-Pacher curve and on tunnelling in urban areas with soft soil conditions. Then, relatively realistic material models for both soil and shotcrete, including calibration methods, are described. They are indispensable prerequisites for the subsequent numerical simulations. Typical features of the load-bearing behavior of soil and shotcrete are studied. Finally, different excavation sequences for the driving of a single track tunnel of the Vienna underground line U3 are investigated.

Keywords: tunnel, NATM, soil, shotcrete, cap, shallow