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G. Meschke:
"A Multisurface Viscoplastic Model for Shotcrete. Algorithmic Aspects and Finite ElementAnalyses of Tunnel Linings";
in: "Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures (EURO-C 1994)", Pineridge Press, Swansea, 1994, 243 - 254.

A 3D constitutive model for shotcrete formulated in the framework of classical multisurface viscoplasticity theory is proposed. A rotating crack model based on the Rankine criterion is adopted in conjunction with a Drucker-Prager yield criterion for modelling of young concrete in the compressive regime. The model is suitable for the representation of the time-dependent behaviour of shotcrete including creep and the time dependence of strength and stiffness, respectively. The algorithmic consequences of ageing are adequately accounted for. A formulation in the principal stress space renders the return map computationally extremely effective and directly amenable to a recently proposed algorithm for finite strain plasticity. The exact linearization of the return map yields the correct algorithmic tangent moduli. Application of the shotcrete model is demonstrated by means of a large scale 3D simulation of the excavation of an underground tunnel, involving realistic modelling of soil and shotcrete.

Keywords: multisurface, shotcrete, viscoplastic, algorithmic, finite element analyses, tunnel linings