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C. Kropik, H.A. Mang, G. Meschke:
"Synthesis of Constitutive Modelling and Numerical Simulations in the Context of the Excavation of Shallow Tunnels by the NATM";
in: "Proceedings of the Invited Lectures and Special Technological Sessions of the Third ECCOMAS Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference and the Second ECCOMAS Conference on Numerical Methods in Engineering", John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1996, 218 - 226.

This paper reports on finite element analyses of the excavation of a single track according to the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) based on realistic constitutive models for soil and shotcrete, respectively. For the representation of soil a multisurface viscoplastic cap model was used. The material model adopted for the shotcrete is based on a recently developed 3D viscoplasticity theory for aging materials. Comments on the theoretical and algorithmic formulation and the parameter identification of both models are contained in the paper. The numerical results from the analysis of a single-track tunnel are compared with a number of typical results of in-situ measurements.