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Ch. Hellmich, F.-J Ulm:
"Mineralized Tissues as Crystal Foams Reinforced by Collagen - Experimental Evidence and Micromechanical Modeling";
in: "Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering", J. Middleton, N.G. Shrive, M.L. Jones (Hrg.); University of Wales College of Medicine, 2001.

We recently found that mineralized tissues (mineralized tendons and bones), at an observation scale of some microns, are dense isotropic hydroxyapatite crystal foams which are reinforced unidirectionally by (organic) collagen molecules. The collagen reinforcement is mechanically activated by crosslinks between collagen assemblies and hydroxyapatite. With this morphology in mind, we develop in this paper a micromechanics model for the ultrastructural stiffness of mineralized tissues. The homogenization is achieved in two steps: At a scale of some hundred nanometers, the isotropic crystal foam is represented as a two-phase polycrystal composed of a hydroxyapatite crystal phase and a non-mineralic phase filling the inter-crystalline space. At a scale above of some five to ten micrometers, the polycrystal plays the role of a connected matrix, in which a collagen inclusion phase is embedded. The input for the model are the mineral volume fraction and the collagen volume fraction, which are species and tissue-type specific. Then, on the basis of four intrinsic micromechanical stiffness constants, the model is able to predict the full ultrastructural stiffness tensor of mineralized tissues, from low-mineralized turkey leg tendon to highly anisotropic human bones, and high-mineralized isotropic ear bones of whales.

Keywords: bone elasticity, crystal foam, collagen reinforcement, continuum micromechanics