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S. Facsko, W. Meissl, R. Heller, R. Wilhelm, A.S. El-Said, G. Kowarik, R. Ritter, F. Aumayr:
"Nanostructures induced by highly charged ions on CaF₂ and KBr";
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 194 (2009), 0120601 - 0120608.

Impact of a highly charged ion upon a solid surface can induce dramatic changes
in the morphology only by the release of its potential energy. Hillocks and mono-atomic deep
pits have been observed on the surfaces of CaF2 and KBr, respectively. For both processes a
threshold in the potential energy exists for the creation of these nanostructures. Above this
threshold the structure size increases linearly with potential energy. The mechanisms for the
formation of hillocks and pits are discussed and a rst attempt to present a uni ed microscopic
picture is made.