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T. Daxner:
"Finite Element Modeling of Cellular Metals";
in: "Cellular and Porous Materials in Structures and Processes", H. Altenbach, A. Öchsner (ed.); issued by: CISM; Springer-Verlag, Wien, 2010, ISBN: 978-3-7091-0296-1, 47 - 106.

Cellular materials are characterized by a low apparent density and a discrete micro-structure which is on a distinctly lower length-scale than the one of components made from them. Consequently, the effective behavior of cellular materials is rooted in the mechanical behavior of the struts and/or cell walls on the length scale of individual cells. These lecture notes describe methods of modeling cellular materials by the finite element methods. Topics include the setup of micro-mechanical models for open and closed/cell foams as well as sintered hollow-sphere foam, the transition between the different mechanical length scales, and the optimization of the density distribution in components made from functionally graded foam.