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B. Zachhuber, C. Gasser, Engelene Chrysostom, B. Lendl:
"Stand-Off Spatial Offset Raman Spectroscopy for the Detection of Concealed Content in Distant Objects";
Analytical Chemistry, 83 (2011), 24; S. 9438 - 9442.

A pulsed (4.4 ns pulse length) frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser operated
at 10 Hz was used to generate Raman scattering of samples at a distance of 12 m. The
scattered light was collected by a 6 in. telescope, and the Raman spectrum was recorded
using an Acton SP-2750 spectrograph coupled to a gated intensified charge-coupled
device (ICCD) detector. Applying a spatial offset between the point where the laser hit
the sample and the focus of the telescope on the sample enabled collection of Raman
photons that were predominantly generated inside the sample and not from its surface. This is especially effective when the content
of concealed objects should be analyzed. High-quality Raman spectra could be recorded, within 10 s of data acquisition, from a solid
(NaClO3) as well as a liquid (isopropyl alcohol) placed inside a 1.5 mm thick opaque low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic
bottle. The applied spatial offset was also advantageous in cases where the surface of the container was highly fluorescent. In such a
situation, Raman spectra of the sample could not be recorded when the sampling volume (telescope observation field) coincided
with the focus of the excitation laser. However, with the use of a spatial offset of some millimeters, a clear Raman spectrum of the
content (isopropyl alcohol) in a strongly fluorescent plastic container was obtained.

A pulsed (4.4 ns pulse length) frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser operated
at 10 Hz was used to generate Raman scattering of samples at a distance of 12 m. The
scattered light was collected by a 6 in. telescope, and the Raman spectrum was recorded
using an Acton SP-2750 spectrograph coupled to a gated intensified charge-coupled
device (ICCD) detector. Applying a spatial offset between the point where the laser hit
the sample and the focus of the telescope on the sample enabled collection of Raman
photons that were predominantly generated inside the sample and not from its surface. This is especially effective when the content
of concealed objects should be analyzed. High-quality Raman spectra could be recorded, within 10 s of data acquisition, from a solid
(NaClO3) as well as a liquid (isopropyl alcohol) placed inside a 1.5 mm thick opaque low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic
bottle. The applied spatial offset was also advantageous in cases where the surface of the container was highly fluorescent. In such a
situation, Raman spectra of the sample could not be recorded when the sampling volume (telescope observation field) coincided
with the focus of the excitation laser. However, with the use of a spatial offset of some millimeters, a clear Raman spectrum of the
content (isopropyl alcohol) in a strongly fluorescent plastic container was obtained.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac2021008