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T. Lauer, M. Heiß, M. Klein:
"Impact of the Wall Film Formation on the Full Load Performance of an Engine Operated with the Ethanol Blend E85";
Talk: Small Engine Technology Conference SETC, Sapporo; 2011-11-08 - 2011-11-10; in: "17th Small Engine Technology Conference", SAE International (ed.); (2011), Paper ID JSAE 20119535 / SAE 2011-32-0535, 8 pages.

A naturally aspirated SI engine with port fuel injection was investigated at the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology of the Vienna University of Technology to analyze the impact of the ethanol blend E85 on the full load performance. Measurements and numerical studies with a predictive wall film model have been carried out to explain the mixture cooling, the calorific fluid properties after inlet valve closing and the volumetric efficiency with conventional fuel and E85.
It could be shown that only with a detailed modelling of the wall film formation in the inlet port an accurate prediction of the engine´s full load performance is possible when studying different fuels with varying fluid properties. Anyway, an integrated approach that includes measurements and numerical investigations is necessary to analyse the mixture preparation and the engine process correctly.