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B. Geringer:
"Demands on Gasoline Engines with Focus on the stringent Fuel Economy and Emission Limits until 2020";
Talk: 1st International Conference: Advanced Ignition Systems for Gasoline Engines, Berlin; 2012-11-12 - 2012-11-13; in: "Advanced Ignition Systems for Gasoline Engines", expert Verlag, (2012), ISBN: 978-3-8169-3190-4; 1 - 18.

More stringent requirement concerning consumption and exhaust emissions effect the importance of alternative drive trains and fuels. The EU has agreed to limit the specific consumption with 130 g/km as fleet average and 95 g/km are in discussion for 2020. Additionally limits for the particle number have been defined for gasoline DI engines up from Sept. 2014. Furthermore a variety of alternative fuels, especially biofuels, shell help to reduce CO2.
Especially in hybrid drive trains smaller but highly effective combustion engines will be used. A promising approach is downsized and lean burn engines as well as the usage of special innovative fuels and the adaptation of the engine to the characteristic
properties of these fuels and the innovative drive train systems.
A key area of development represents innovative ignition systems. Ignition systems with highly variable ignition characteristics are suitable to the new challenges of modified combustion systems. Into consideration come multi-spark ignition, high frequency
corona ignition, laser ignition and microwave ignition. High effort and costs prevented the use of alternative ignition systems in gasoline engines for passenger car application up to now.