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U. Schubert:
"Heterobimetallic sol-gel precursors and intermediates";
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 79 (2016), 2; 249 - 261.

The question how the metals in bimetallic sol-
gel materials are positioned relative to each other and how
the dispersion of the metals can be controlled is a major
preparative and analytical challenge. Two particular
aspects are addressed: The first is an alternative type of
single-source precursors where the two metals are interlinked
through an organic spacer. The new options provided
by this approach are demonstrated for metal oxide/
silica nanocomposites, zinc titanate and Co3O4/ceria catalysts.
The second issue with regard to heterobimetallic
systems is the kind of intermediates formed during sol-gel
co-processing of two different metal precursors (metal
alkoxides or metal alkoxide ? metal salt). Systematic
investigation of the structures of Ti/M oxo clusters
(M = main group or transition metal, or lanthanide) shows
some interesting common construction principles and thus
sheds light on early stages of the structural evolution in
mixed-metal oxide systems.

Single-source precursorsTitanium alkoxidesSol-gel methodMetal oxo clusters

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3920-0