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R. Schlesinger, A. Springer, T. Sauter:
"Automatic Packing Mechanism for Simplification of the Scheduling in Profinet IRT";
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 12 (2016), 5; S. 1822 - 1831.

In order to support very small cycle times, Profinet isochronous real-time (IRT) was improved by implementing the dynamic frame packing (DFP) mechanism. It turned out that DFP is relatively efficient, but it still has two crucial drawbacks. The complex scheduling has to be recalculated every time the network structure is modified. Furthermore, DFP only operates efficiently in line topology. This study presents a proposal for further improvements of Profinet IRT by implementing an automatic packing mechanism (APM). The main advantage of APM lies in the fact that a dedicated scheduling algorithm is not required. Furthermore, APM achieves approximately the same performance as DFP in line topology, but it has a distinctive advance in star or tree topologies. This paper also presents experimental validation results that prove the functionality of the approach. APM could be implemented with only minor modifications of the media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) hardware to improve the flexibility of Profinet IRT.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TII.2015.2509450