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F. Ansari, K. Schenkelberg et al.:
"Problem Solving in the Digital World: Synoptic Formalism, Incrementalism and Heuristics";
in: "Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology", 2; P. Laplante (ed.); Taylor & Francis, New York, 2017.

Human kinds of problem-solving involve sophisticated cognitive processes for modeling, learning, and
finally solving a problem. The discourse of problem-solving has been established in strategic management,
economics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematics, and cognitive psychology. The disciplines
represent a common ground for the classification of problem-solving approaches. This entry reexamines
the existing approaches, from two distinguished perspectives: 1) synoptic formalism and incrementalism
and 2) (meta-)heuristics. The primary objective is to determine the characteristics of the aforementioned
approaches and to discuss the possibility for combining or coexistence of problem-solving approaches. In
conclusion, we provide a framework for proper selection of the approaches and assignment of activities to
decision situations. Finally, we emphasize on coexistent consideration of problem-solving approaches for
making human kinds of problem computable.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/E-ECST2-140000159

http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/publik_267101.pdf