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L. Ribeiro, S. Schwarz, M. Rupp, A. Almeida:
"Energy Efficiency of mmWave Massive MIMO Precoding with Low-Resolution DACs";
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 12 (2018), 2; S. 298 - 312.

With the congestion of the sub-6 GHz spectrum,
the interest in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
systems operating on millimeter wave spectrum grows. In order
to reduce the power consumption of such massive MIMO
systems, hybrid analog/digital transceivers and application of
low-resolution digital-to-analog/analog-to-digital converters have
been recently proposed. In this work, we investigate the energy
efficiency of quantized hybrid transmitters equipped with
a fully/partially-connected phase-shifting network composed of
active/passive phase-shifters and compare it to that of quantized
digital precoders. We introduce a quantized single-user MIMO
system model based on an additive quantization noise approximation
considering realistic power consumption and loss models to
evaluate the spectral and energy efficiencies of the transmit precoding
methods. Simulation results show that partially-connected
hybrid precoders can be more energy-efficient compared to
digital precoders, while fully-connected hybrid precoders exhibit
poor energy efficiency in general. Also, the topology of phaseshifting
components offers an energy-spectral efficiency tradeoff:
active phase-shifters provide higher data rates, while passive
phase-shifters maintain better energy efficiency.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2824762