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F. Klute, G. Li, R. Löffler, M. Nöllenburg, M. Schmidt:
"Exploring Semi-Automatic Map Labeling";
Vortrag: ACM SIGSPATIAL international conference on Advances in geographic information systems, Chicago, USA; 05.11.2019 - 08.11.2019; in: "Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems", (2019), ISBN: 978-1-4503-6909-1; S. 13 - 22.

Label placement in maps is a very challenging task that is critical for
the overall map quality. Most previous work focused on designing
and implementing fully automatic solutions, but the resulting visual
and aesthetic quality has not reached the same level of sophistication
that skilled human cartographers achieve. We investigate a
different strategy that combines the strengths of humans and algorithms.
In our proposed labeling method, first an initial labeling is
computed that has many well-placed labels but is not claiming to be
perfect. Instead it serves as a starting point for an expert user who
can then interactively and locally modify the labeling where necessary.
In an iterative human-in-the-loop process alternating between
user modifications and local algorithmic updates and refinements
the labeling can be tuned to the user´s needs.
We demonstrate our approach by performing different possible
modification steps in a sample workflow with a prototypical
interactive labeling editor. Further, we report computational performance
results from a simulation experiment in QGIS, which
investigates the differences between exact and heuristic algorithms
for semi-automatic map labeling. To that end, we compare several
alternatives for recomputing the labeling after local modifications
and updates, as a major ingredient for an interactive labeling editor.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3347146.3359359

https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/publik_284624.pdf