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S. Mazza, D. Patel, I. Viola:
"Homomorphic-Encrypted Volume Rendering";
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 27 (2020), 27; S. 1 - 10.

Computationally demanding tasks are typically calculated in dedicated data centers, and real-time visualizations also followthis trend. Some rendering tasks, however, require the highest level of confidentiality so that no other party, besides the owner, can reador see the sensitive data. Here we present a direct volume rendering approach that performs volume rendering directly on encryptedvolume data by using the homomorphic Paillier encryption algorithm. This approach ensures that the volume data and renderedimage are uninterpretable to the rendering server. Our volume rendering pipeline introduces novel approaches for encrypted-datacompositing, interpolation, and opacity modulation, as well as simple transfer function design, where each of these routines maintainsthe highest level of privacy. We present performance and memory overhead analysis that is associated with our privacy-preservingscheme. Our approach is open and secure by design, as opposed to secure through obscurity. Owners of the data only have to keeptheir secure key confidential to guarantee the privacy of their volume data and the rendered images. Our work is, to our knowledge, thefirst privacy-preserving remote volume-rendering approach that does not require that any server involved be trustworthy; even in caseswhen the server is compromised, no sensitive data will be leaked to a foreign party.

Volume Rendering, Transfer Function, Homomorphic-Encryption, Paillier

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2020.3030436

https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/publik_291353.pdf